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Admin at 04:15, 26 November 2015
2015-11-26T04:15:15Z
<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The following pointers can be used to get a basic understanding of a Linux system.<br />
<br />
<br />
Concepts:<br />
<br />
*kernel<br />
*debian/raspbian<br />
*root<br />
*shell<br />
*filesystem (ext2)<br />
*firmware<br />
*apt<br />
*mount points<br />
*shm<br />
*proc<br />
*dev<br />
*tty<br />
*stderr/stdout<br />
*sound<br />
*putty/ssh<br />
*ncurses (text based gui)<br />
<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
command line<br />
------------<br />
shutdown - shut down or reboot system<br />
passwd - change password<br />
man - man(ual) page with info<br />
date - prints date and time<br />
sudo - do as root<br />
su - substitute user<br />
ls - list files in a directory<br />
alias - shortcuts to commands<br />
ps - process information<br />
df - disk free<br />
du - disk usage<br />
cat - print contents (of a file)<br />
echo - print text (on screen)<br />
touch - create/update file/timestamp<br />
more - show output per-screen<br />
grep - filter output by keyword(s) match<br />
head - show top of (a file)<br />
tail - show bottom (of a file)<br />
sort - sort alphabetically<br />
find - search for matching files or directories<br />
cp - copy file(s) or directories<br />
mv - move file(s) or directories<br />
rm - delete file(s)<br />
pwd - print working directory<br />
cd - change directory<br />
mkdir - make directory<br />
rmdir - remove directory<br />
chown - change ownership permissions of a file or directory<br />
chgrp - change group permissions of a file or directory<br />
chmod - change access and execute permissions of a file or directory<br />
groups - show group memberships<br />
ifconfig - show network interfaces<br />
netstat - show network connections<br />
<br />
<br />
cron - execute scheduled commands<br />
crontab -e - edit user's own crontab<br />
crontab -e -u <user> - edit other user's crontab<br />
crontab -l - show contents of crontab<br />
<br />
<br />
<cmd> & - background a process<br />
nohup <cmd> - background a process independent of shell<br />
screen - background shell<br />
<br />
CTRL-PGUP - scroll screen up<br />
CTRL-PGDN - scroll screen down<br />
arrow up - previous command<br />
arrow down - next command<br />
history - show list of previous commands<br />
!<nr> - issue command nr<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
apt (software package management)<br />
apt-get update - fetch a current list of all packages from the Internet<br />
apt-get upgrade - check for and install any packages that need updating<br />
apt-get clean - empty cache of downloaded packages<br />
apt-cache search <name> - find if a package exists<br />
apt-cache show <name> - show detailed information about a package<br />
apt-get install <name> - install a package<br />
apt-get remove <name> - remove a package<br />
apt-get remove --purge <name> - remove a package + any configuration files<br />
<br />
dpkg -l - show list of all installed packages<br />
<br />
aptitude - curses based package management<br />
<br />
<br />
rapspi-config - configure raspberry pi<br />
rpi-update - update rpi firmware<br />
<br />
startx - start x environment<br />
iptraf - monitor network activity<br />
bwm-ng - bandwidth monitor<br />
<br />
Files<br />
-----<br />
/etc/hostname<br />
/etc/hosts<br />
/etc/debian_version<br />
/etc/fstab<br />
/etc/network/interfaces<br />
/etc/resolv.conf<br />
/etc/wpa.conf<br />
/etc/rc.local<br />
/etc/apt/sources.list<br />
/etc/default/keyboard<br />
<br />
<br />
Directories<br />
-----------<br />
/usr/local/bin<br />
/home<br />
/boot<br />
/etc<br />
/usr<br />
/var/www<br />
/mnt<br />
/tmp<br />
/dev/shm<br />
<br />
<br />
Applications<br />
------------<br />
Apache - web server<br />
Samba - Windows-compatible File Server<br />
MySQL - Database Server<br />
NTP - Time server<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Programming<br />
-----------<br />
Bash<br />
Python<br />
Perl<br />
C/C++<br />
PHP<br />
Scratch (RPi)<br />
<br />
<br />
Interfacing with the Raspberry Pi GPIO<br />
--------------------------------------<br />
Level Converter<br />
Python<br />
I2C<br />
<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
<br />
Further reading:<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
http://www.debian.org<br />
<br />
http://www.raspberrypi.org<br />
<br />
http://www.themagpi.com<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Putty, the Windows SSH client:<br />
------------------------------<br />
<br />
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</div>
Admin